Treasure trove for husbands and women pertaining to the
specification of ritual purity and bleedings
ذخر المتأهلين والنساء في تعريف الأطهار و الدماء
Imaam Birgivi refers to his book, the knowledge contained therein, as “ذخر” e.g. “Treasure trove” to highlight the valuable nature of the subject matter for those who are accordingly Mukallaf(answerable) to Allah Ta'ala:
“المتأهلين” literally means “those who are married”, e.g. husbands specifically (as this word would not be used to refer to “wives” in the Arabic language.). Below follow a few points to highlight the beauty of the Arabic language:
فمعرفة الدماء المختصة بالنساء واجبة عليهن وعلى الأزواج والأولياء
إِذَا تَزَوَّجَ الْعَبْدُ فَقَدِ اسْتَكْمَلَ نِصْفَ الدِّينِ فَلْيَتَّقِ اللَّهَ فِي النِّصْفِ الْبَاقِي
“When a man gets married, then verily he has completed half of the religion; so let him fear Allah in the remaining half.”
“النساء” which unsurprisingly means “women”. As these special days in question are specific to women, it follows by necessity that they cary the primary responsibility to obtain the required knowledge to adequately discharge their day-to-day affairs. However, as the title of Imaam Birgivi's work makes clear, menfolk (e.g. husbands and fathers) also share in this responsibility. Imaam Birgivi further clarrified this point in his Muqaddimah (Introduction), stating: “As such, knowledge of bleedings specific to women is Waajib(obligatory) on them, as well as upon their husbands and their guardians”. This responsibility has been explained by Imaam Birgivi as stating: “and (Allah Ta'ala) commanded them to advice their womenfolk, to discipline and to teach religion”, in the sense that Allah Ta'ala has appointed men as the head of the household. Just as it is their responsibility to provide for their womenfolk in terms of food, clothing and shelter; likewise they are also responsible to teach religion and be involved in their children's lives in terms of educating them with good character. Teaching religion can vary from obtaining expertise in the underlying jurisprudence of menstruation and postpartum bleeding, to asking scholars for clarifications, to providing for the means of education on these matters. But the crux of the matter is, just like in the case of a Fard al-Kifaayah where everyone is absolved if a group within the community has discharged the responsibility; but everyone is implicated if nobody has discharged the responsibility; likewise the menfolk too will be implicated in the sin of negligence when there was a failure in his household to practice on the correct knowledge pertaining to the jurisprudence of menstruation.
The last part of: “الأطهار و الدماء” is easily translated as: “ritual purity and bleedings”, which encompasses Hayd(menstruation), Nifaas(postpartum bleeding), Istihadah(dysfunctional bleeding) and any ritual purity one may attain through Ghusl(major ablution), Wudu(minor ablution), Tayammum(substituted ablution) as well the ritual purity between two Hayd or between Nifaas and Hayd of minimum 15 days.
The word that we skipped inbetween: “في تعريف” is translated as “the specification of ...”, which is a meaning that can be appreciated by exemplifying this from the perspective of Nahwa(Arabic Grammar). A noun can be Nakirah(unspecified) or Ma'rifah(specified). For instance, take the noun “Zaid”. It is a name that refers to a specific person. On the other hand, one could talk instead about “a man” in the generic sense of the word, which in Arabic would be: “رَجُلٌ” “rajulun”. Such a word is Nakirah, unspecified. We can make the unspecified specific by virtue of applying what is called “اداة التعريف”, namely by putting the definite article “ال” in front of it, so it becomes: “الرَجُل” “al-rajulu”; e.g. the man. Not just any man, but a specific man whose name we may or may not know. So similarly, what Imaam Birgivi is conveying in this title is that the book in question is a treasure trove for both men and women alike when it comes to dealing with the various type of bleedings and ritual purity that may occur in those special, feminine days. To the untrained eye, those different bleedings may all seem the same; unspecified. But thanks to this treasure trove, both men and women alike have access to the correct tools to specify the unspecified; so that the heap of 15 days of bleeding can become adequately distinguished as this specific, consecutive set of bleedings will be Hayd(menstruation)/Nifaas(postpartum bleeding) whereas the rest is to be discounted as Istihadah(dysfunctional bleeding).
In this sense, our app has the ambition to further the legacy of Imaam Birgivi, to simplify practicing on our beautiful religion. Whether you are a recent mother, a daughter coming of age, a recent convert, someone facing complications on a regular basis or a habitual for whom it is all smooth sailing (until those pregnancy hormones suddenly complicate things), this app is here to guide you. Even if you are very knowledgable in this area, it is Waajib(compulsory) to record your bleedings. This app will assist you with this, at no cost to you. If you ever do get into a difficult situation, then all your information will be easily exportable to consult any scholar of your choosing. If you need answers urgently, then with a premium subscription you can get access to all the information you require now; while supporting and contributing to this legacy, Inshallah.
الحمدُ لله الذي جعل الرجال على النساء قوامِين
All praise unto Allah Ta'ala who has appointed men over women as providers
وأمرهم بوعظهنَّ والتأديب وتعليم الدين
and commanded them to advice their womenfolk, to discipline and to teach religion
والصلاة والسلام على حبيب رب العالمين، وعلى آله وأصحابه هداة الحق وحماة الشرع والمتين
Peace and blessings be upon the Beloved of the Lord of the Worlds, upon his family and his close companions, guiders of truth, protectors of Shari'iyyah and the steadfast.
وبعد: فقد اتفق الفقهاء على فرضية علم الحال على كل من آمن بالله واليوم الآخر من نسوة ورجال
Jurists are unanimous upon the obligation of the knowledge of the state of affairs(e.g. knowledge as is applicable for one's daily affairs), upon each believing woman and man in Allah Ta'ala and the Last Day(Day of Judgement).
فمعرفة الدماء المختصة بالنساء واجبة عليهن وعلى الأزواج والأولياء
As such, knowledge of bleedings specific to women is Waajib(obligatory) on them, as well as upon their husbands and their guardians
ولكن هذا كان في زماننا مهجوراً، بل صار كأن لم يكن شيئاً مذكوراً
However, in our day and age, this has become abandoned - rather it has become as if something bereft of any mention!
لا يفرقون بين الحيض والنفاس والاستحاضة، ولا يميزون بين الصحيحة- من الدماء والأطهار- والفاسدة
They do not differentiate between Hayd(menstruation), Nifaas(postpartum bleeding) and Istihadah(irregular bleeding) nor do they distinguish between the pure - of bleedings and purity - and the impure.
ترى أمثلهم يكتفي بالمتون المشهورة. وأكثر مسائل الدماء فيها مفقودة
You can see the best among them satisfied with the “Famous Texts”, whereas most of the rulings pertaining to menstruation are absent therein
والكتب المبسوطة لا يملكها إلا قليل
The “Lengthy/Detailed Books” are not owned but by a few (exceptionals)
والمالكون أكثرهم عن مطالعتها عاجز وعليل
And those who (happen) to own them, many of them are incapable in its study.
وأكثر نسخها في باب حيضها تحريف وتبديل؛ لعدم الاشتغال به مذ دهر طويل
Most of its copies pertaining to the chapter of Hayd(menstruation) are distorted and altered due to long-time (scholarly) negligence
وفي مسائله كثرة وصعوبة واختلافات
In its discussion of the rules, particularly in these lengthy and detailed books, there is abundant complexity and varying opinions.
وفي اختيار المشايخ وتصحيحهم أيضاً مخالفات
And in the selections and preferences (of conflicting texts) of the Authoritative Scholars are also differences of opinions
فأردت أن أصنف رسالة حاوية لمسائله اللازمة، خاوية عن ذكر خلاف ومباحث غير مهمة، مقتصرة على الأقوى والأصح والمختار للفتوى، مسهلة الضبط والفهم. رجاء أن تكون لي ذخراً في العقبى
Thus, I intended to author a book consisting of its necessary rulings, bereft of any mention of differences of opinion and unimportant debates. (A book) confined to the best Scholarly opinions suitable for Fatwa, while easy to understand, in the hopes that it can become a treasure for myself in the Hereafter.
فيا أيها الناظر إليها- بالله العظيم- لا تعجل في التخطئة بمجرد رؤيتك فيها المخالفة لظاهر بعض الكتب المشهورة
Therefore, (I advise) those who look into it, with Allah the Greatest (as my witness), do not rush to mistake it by merely noticing a difference with the apparent meaning of some well-known books.
فعسى أن تخطِّئ ابن أخت خالتك فتكون من الذين هلكوا في المهالك
Beware that you may make a mistake concerning the son of your cousin's aunt, and thus become one of those who perished in calamities.
فإني قد صرفت شطراً من عمري في ضبط هذا الباب حتى ميزتُ –بفضل الله تعالى- بين القشر واللباب، والسمين والمَهزول، والصحيح والمعلول، والجيد والرديء، والضعيف والقوي
Verily, I have spent a great deal of my life attaining mastery in this field until I was able to distinguish, by the grace of Allah Ta'ala, between the superficial and the substance, the healthy and the weak, the sound and the flawed, the good and the bad, the weak and the strong;
ورجحت بأسباب الترجيح المعتبرة ما هو الراجح من الأقوال والاختيارات من الأئمة
and I have given preference - according to the established principles thereof - to the preferred and selected views among the Authoritative Scholars.
فارجع البصر كرتين، وتأمل ما كتبنا مرتين، واعرضه على الفروع والأصول وقواعد المنقول والمعقول
So look again and again while pondering deeply as to what we wrote, and scrutinize it according to Fiqh, Usool al-Fiqh (together with) the rules of transmission and juridical inference
لعلك تطلع على حقيته، وتظهر لك وجوه صحته، وترجع إلى التصويب من تخطئته
Perhaps you may become enlightened with its truth, and its various reasons of correctness may become clear to you prompting you to reconsider correcting any perceived error
وتقول: { الحمدلله الذي هدانا لهذا وما كنا لنهتدي لولا أن هدانا الله }
Upon which you will state: “all praise unto Allah who hath guided us onto this; we were not such as to find guidance were it not that Allah had guided us” [7:43]
والأغلب في تَفَعَّلَ معنى صيرورة الشئ ذا أصله كتأهل وتألم وتأكل وَتَأَسَّفَ وتَأَصَّلَ وتفكَّك وتألَّبَ: أي صار ذا أهل -- شرح شافية ابن الحاجب